Iipolymers ezigqibeleleyo - iipolymers ezilinganisa iipropati ezibonakalayo kunye nemiphumo yokusingqongileyo - azikho, kodwa i-polybutylene terephthalate (PBAT) isondele kwimfezeko kunabaninzi.
Emva kwamashumi eminyaka yokusilela ukumisa iimveliso zabo eziphela kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma kunye nolwandle, abenzi bepolymer bokwenziwa baphantsi koxinzelelo lokuthatha uxanduva. Abaninzi baphinda-phinda iinzame zabo zokukhuthaza ukurisayikilishwa ukuphelisa ukugxekwa. Ezinye iinkampani zizama ukulungisa ingxaki yenkunkuma ngokutyala imali kwiiplastiki ze-bio-based biodegradable ezifana ne-polylactic acid (PLA) kunye ne-polyhydroxy fatty acid esters (PHA), ngethemba lokuba ukuchithwa kwendalo kuya kunciphisa ubuncinane benkunkuma.
Kodwa zombini ukurisayikilisha kunye ne-biopolymers zijongene nemiqobo. Ngokomzekelo, phezu kwayo nje imigudu emininzi, iUnited States isasebenzisa iiplastiki ezingaphantsi kwe-10 ekhulwini. Kwaye iipolymers ezisekelwe kwi-bio - zihlala zivelisa iimveliso zokuvutshelwa - ziyasokola ukufezekisa ukusebenza kunye nobukhulu beepolymers zokwenziwa zenzelwe ukuba zitshintshe.
I-PBAT idibanisa ezinye zeepropathi ezixhamlayo ze-synthetic kunye ne-bio-based polymers. Ithathwe kwiimveliso eziqhelekileyo zepetrochemical - i-terephthalic acid ecocekileyo (PTA), i-butanediol kunye ne-adipic acid, kodwa i-biodegradable. Njengepolymer eyenziweyo, inokuveliswa ngokulula ngobuninzi, kwaye ineempawu ezibonakalayo ezifunekayo ukwenza iifilimu eziguquguqukayo ezinokuthelekiswa nezo zeplastiki zemveli.
Umdla kwi-PBAT uyakhula. Abavelisi abasekiweyo abanje ngeBASF yaseJamani kunye neNovamont yaseItali babona imfuno eyongeziweyo emva kwamashumi eminyaka yokukhulisa imarike. Badityaniswa ngaphezu kwesiqingatha seshumi elinambini labavelisi baseAsia abalindele ukuba ishishini lepolymer lichume njengoko oorhulumente bengingqi betyhala ukuzinza.
UMarc Verbruggen, owayesakuba yi-CEO ye-PLA umenzi we-NatureWorks kwaye ngoku ungumcebisi ozimeleyo, ukholelwa ukuba i-PBAT "yeyona nto iphantsi kwaye ilula kakhulu imveliso ye-bioplastic yokwenza" kwaye ukholelwa ukuba i-PBAT iba yi-bioplastic eguquguqukayo ebalaseleyo, Iphambi kwe-poly succinate butanediol ester ( PBS) kunye nabakhuphisana ne-PHA. Kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba ibekwe ecaleni kwe-PLA njengezona plastiki zimbini zibaluleke kakhulu ezinokubola, athi ibe yeyona mveliso iphambili kwizicelo ezingqongqo.
URamani Narayan, uprofesa wobunjineli beekhemikhali kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan State, uthe eyona nto iphambili yokuthengisa i-PBAT - i-biodegradability yayo - ivela kwiibhondi ze-ester, kunokuba i-carbon-carbon skeleton kwiipolymers ezingenakonakala ezifana ne-polyethylene. Iibhondi ze-Ester zi-hydrolyzed ngokulula kwaye zonakaliswe yi-enzymes.
Ngokomzekelo, i-polylactic acid kunye ne-PHA ziyi-polyester ezihlaza xa i-ester bonds yabo iphuka. Kodwa i-polyester eqhelekileyo - i-polyethylene terephthalate (i-PET), esetyenziswe kwiifiber kunye neebhotile ze-soda - ayiphuli ngokulula. Oku kungenxa yokuba iringi enuka kamnandi kwiskeleton yayo ivela kwiPTA. NgokukaNarayan, iiringi ezinika iipropathi zesakhiwo nazo zenza iPET hydrophobic. "Amanzi akulula ukungena kwaye anciphisa yonke inkqubo ye-hydrolysis," watsho.
I-Basf yenza i-polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), i-polyester eyenziwe kwi-butanediol. Abaphandi bale nkampani bajonge ipolymer enokubola enokuthi bayivelise ngokulula. Bathathe indawo ye-PTA kwi-PBT nge-adipose diacid glycolic acid. Ngale ndlela, iindawo ezinevumba elimnandi zepolymer zahlulwe ukuze zikwazi ukubola. Kwangaxeshanye, i-PTA eyaneleyo ishiywe ukunika iipropathi ezixabisekileyo zepolymer.
UNarayan ukholelwa ukuba i-PBAT inokubola kancinci kune-PLA, efuna umgquba wamashishini ukuba ubole. Kodwa ayinakukhuphisana ne-PHAs ekhoyo ngokurhweba, enokubola kwiimeko zendalo, nakwiimeko zaseLwandle.
Iingcali zihlala zithelekisa iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze-PBAT kwi-polyethylene ephantsi, i-polymer elastic esetyenziselwa ukwenza iifilimu, ezifana neengxowa zenkunkuma.
I-PBAT isoloko ixutywa kunye ne-PLA, i-polymer eqinile eneempawu ezifana ne-polystyrene. I-brand ye-Ecovio ye-Basf isekwe kulo mxube. Umzekelo, i-Verbruggen ithi ingxowa yokuthenga i-compostable iqulethe i-85% ye-PBAT kunye ne-15% ye-PLA.
INovamont yongeza omnye umlinganiselo kwiresiphi. Inkampani ixuba i-PBAT kunye nezinye iipolyester ezinevumba elimnandi ze-aliphatic kunye nesitatshi ukwenza iireyini zezicelo ezithile.
UStefano Facco, umphathi omtsha wophuhliso lweshishini, uthe: “Kwiminyaka engama-30 edlulileyo, iNovamont igxile kwizicelo apho ukuthotywa komgangatho kunokongeza ixabiso kwimveliso ngokwayo. “
Imakethi enkulu ye-PBAT sisigcina-kufuma, esisasazwa kwizityalo ukuthintela ukhula kunye nokunceda ukugcina ukufuma. Xa ifilimu ye-polyethylene isetyenziswa, kufuneka itsalwe kwaye ihlale ingcwatywa kwiindawo zokulahla. Kodwa iifilimu ezibolisiweyo zinokulinywa ngokuthe ngqo emhlabeni.
Enye imarike enkulu ziingxowa zenkunkuma ezivundisiweyo zenkonzo yokutya kunye nokuqokelelwa kokutya kunye nenkunkuma yaseyadini ekhaya.
Iingxowa ezivela kwiinkampani ezifana ne-BioBag, ezisanda kufunyanwa yiNovamont, zithengiswe kubathengisi iminyaka.
Ixesha lokuposa: 26-11-21